Dr Alfred Carpenter of Croydon

Dr Nick Cambridge, a retired GP in Croydon, and a research associate here at The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, wrote his MD thesis on Dr Alfred Carpenter (1825-92). In the process he discovered the memorials to this remarkable doctor.

'Carpenter worked in Croydon, Surrey, for 40 years until his death. He was a general practitioner from 1852-82 and then became a consulting physician in 1882 after passing his MRCP (Membership of the Royal College of Physicians) by examination. He was medical attendant to the cadets of the East India Company military seminary at Addiscombe, Surrey, until its closure in 1861, and medical attendant to four successive Archbishops of Canterbury at Addington Palace, Croydon and "closing the eyes of three".

He sat on the Croydon Local Board of Health and introduced many important reforms. His interests included sewage irrigation, infectious disease and temperance. Carpenter continued to advance his sanitary knowledge and was awarded the Certificate of Sanitary Science from Cambridge University by examination (later called the Diploma in Public Health). He later became lecturer in Public Health at St Thomas’s Hospital, London, and published a book about his lectures. Carpenter was also an examiner in public health for the Universities of London and Cambridge; an examiner for the Society of Apothecaries and sat on a Hospitals’ Commission for smallpox and fever hospitals.

On the national stage he belonged to, and held office with the British Medical Association (Chairman of Council from 1878-81), Society of Arts, National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain and the Medical Society of London. Carpenter regularly corresponded with the British Medical Journal, Lancet, The Times and the local newspapers. Carpenter had a philanthropic nature; he gave ten per cent of his income to the poor and held annual parties for the children from the Ragged School. He also raised Testimonial funds for national and poor figures alike.

However, he was never far from controversy: he was involved in two high profile court cases against him; he was burnt in effigy behind Croydon Town Hall, and in Reigate he was thrown into a pond by the publicans during his abortive parliamentary campaign (as a Justice of the Peace he was particularly hard on those who came before him for drunkeness).

There are a number of memorials to Carpenter at Mayday Hospital, Croydon, including a brass plaque commemorating him as a founder of Croydon General Hospital (1866) and a marble bust executed by E. Roscoe Mullins which is in the post-graduate centre. It was originally unveiled in Croydon Public Halls in 1886 at a Grand conversazione for 700 guests in honour of Carpenter who was President of the Croydon Literary and Scientific Institution and a driving force behind the institution for over 34 years.

Carpenter's name is also carved on the stone memorial dated 1883, which would have been placed inside the Croydon Union (workhouse) infirmary. He is listed among the ex-officio Guardians. The infirmary later became Croydon General Hospital.'

Memorial lampstand to Dr Bellyse

Dr Chris Hilton, an archivist at the Wellcome Library, London, told me about a memorial to Dr Richard Baker Bellyse (1809-1877) in the village of Audlem, Cheshire. Chris was brought up in Audlem and passed the memorial every day on his way to school.

The memorial consists of a lampstand in Stafford Street adjacent to St James's Church in the centre of Audlem. It was unveiled in 1877, the year of Bellyse's death and inscribed: 'In memory of Richard Baker Bellyse who practised as a surgeon in this town for 40 years. Born 17th May 1809, died 11th January 1877. A man he was to all the country dear. In appreciation of a life spent in relieving the sufferings of his fellow creatures. By medicine life may be prolonged yet death will seize the doctor too.' There is more information about the fabric of the memorial on the Public Monument and Sculpture Association website. The modern picture (top) was taken by Chris and the historical photograph (below) is copyright of the Audlem District History Society Archive for Audlem Online. It looks to have been taken late in the 19th century when the memorial was quite new.

Richard Baker Bellyse came from a prosperous and well known local family of doctors who practised as general practitioners. The Medical Directory of 1866 lists his qualifications as MRCS (Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England) 1837, and LSA (Licence of the Society of Apothecaries) 1837. These were the traditional qualifying diplomas for GPs in the 19th century. Bellyse is also listed as a public vaccinator (Medical Directory entry pictured above). This means that he was responsible for vaccinating the community against smallpox. Government legislation from 1853 made vaccination in Britain compulsory.

Another Bellyse - Edwin Swinfen - is listed in the Medical Directory. He qualified MD at Edinburgh in 1843 and lists additional qualifications as LSA 1843, FRCS Edinburgh 1860. He also practised in Audlem and may have been Richard's brother.

Chris Hilton says that Richard Baker Bellyse is remembered in Audlem as a big fan of cock-fighting and was clearly well-rooted in the community. Both his mother and father belonged to notable local families. Alice Ford-Smith (now Principal Librarian at Dr Williams's Library, London) found an item in the Lancet to Bellyse being censured, late in his career, for prescribing medicine without visiting a patient. He apparently sent an assistant who was not medically qualified to visit the patient and make a diagnosis. Unfortunately, I don't have the reference for this item.

Doctors who made a difference

Many people reading this blog will have heard of Edward Jenner (1749-1823, top picture), the British country doctor who injected matter from the pustule of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid infected with cowpox (picture), into healthy people to protect them from the much more deadly disease, smallpox. Jenner became an international hero and has many memorials around the world including a stained glass window in St Mary’s Church, Berkeley, Gloucestshire, where he lived and practised; a statue in Kensington Gardens, London; and even an Institute – the Jenner Institute in Oxford – whose mission is to develop innovative vaccines.

Other doctors who served their communities as GPs and have made a global difference to the health and well-being of populations include James Parkinson (1755-1824), who first described Parkinson’s disease; Sir James Mackenzie (1853-1925), who contributed to our understanding of heart disease and showed how digitalis worked on the heart; and John Snow (1813-1858), who stopped a cholera epidemic in central London by removing the handle of a pump, thereby proving that the infection was spread through water. This was long before microscopic ‘germs’ were discovered.

Some doctors are famous for being something other than a doctor! Who, for example, knows that the legendary cricketer, WG Grace (1848-1915), was in fact a family doctor who trained at Bristol Medical School.

This project aims to find all the memorials to general practitioners around Britain, whether they became ‘famous’ or not. The Heritage Committee and the Archivist at the Royal College of General Practitioners have begun a search but we believe that there are many more to be found. Do you have a medical ancestor with a memorial? Have you regularly walked past a memorial to a doctor and wanted to know more about him or her? Do you know of a street named after a doctor? If you can help build our medical heritage I’d like to hear from you. The stories and images will be posted on this blog and I’ll fill in the medical history gaps as we go along.